SQLite切换日志模式优化

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SQLite切换日志模式优化

SQLite是一款轻型的数据库,SQLite 是一款轻量级数据库,是一个 关系型数据库管理系统,它包含在一个相对小的 C 库中,实现了自给自足的、无服务器的、零配置的、事务性的 SQL 数据库引擎。 它能够支持 Windows/Linux/Unix/Android/iOS 等等主流的操作系统,占用资源非常的低,因此在移动端也有很广泛的应用。

SQLIte有多种日志模式(具体见背景知识),在项目的开发迭代中,会遇见原本就版本app使用的SQLite日志模式是旧版默认的rpllback journal,当用户设备存在待恢复的.journal文件,新版本app的SQLite又需要将日志模式切换至wal时,我们就需要探究从默认日志模式rollback journal模式,直接切换至wal模式后是否安全呢?

背景知识

#define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY (-1) /* Query the value of journalmode */#define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE 0 /* Commit by deleting journal file */#define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST 1 /* Commit by zeroing journal header */#define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF 2 /* Journal omitted. */#define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE 3 /* Commit by truncating journal */#define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY 4 /* In-memory journal file */#define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL 5 /* Use write-ahead logging */

Android sqlite的线程模式

sqlite的线程模式,有三种:

单线程 :该模式下sqlite不使用互斥体保护自己,假定用户使用单线程访问DB,如果用户同时使用多线程访问,则不安全。多线程 :该模式下sqlite线程安全,但前提是一个数据库连接只能被一个线程使用。(注:可以有多个数据库连接同时使用,但每个连接只能同时被一个线程使用)串行 :该模式下sqlite的操作完全串行,因此完全线程安全,不对用户做任何限制。

 可以在编译时,开始时(初始化数据库前),运行时(创建数据库连接时)指定线程模式,后面指定的可以覆盖前面的,但如果前面指定的是单线程模式,则无法被覆盖。

根据android源码,可知sqlite编译指定的是串型模式:

cflags: [ ... "-DSQLITE_THREADSAFE=2", ... ],

然而从4.4.2开始,android源码重写了sqlite封装的相关代码,里面出现了如下文件:

Android sqlite的连接池

平时我们是经过android封装的SqliteOpenHelper来访问sqlite的,常用的room和ormlite等数据库本质上是使用SqliteOpenHelper,android的封装中有一个primary connection的概念,只有primary connecton可以写,其他connection只能读。

阅读源码可以发现,SQLiteStatement和SQLiteQuery都会根据自己要执行的sql语句提前判断这个是不是readOnly的,只有非readOnly的才需要primary connection,若nonPrimaryConnecion拿不到,也会尝试获取primary connection。

跟踪源码可以发现android封装了SQLiteConnectionPool,primary connection有且仅有一个,noPrimaryConnection可以有多个。

但是其中会有一个最大的nonPrimaryConnecton的逻辑,rollback journal模式下最大为1,WAL模式下最小为2。

项目中,正常使用的数据库模式不是内存db,没有进行日志模式优化前,也不是WAL日志模式,所以走的是else里面的逻辑,nonPrimaryConnection最大值为1。

WAL模式下,系统性默认配置的是最大4个nonPrimaryConnection。

4

sqlite切换至WAL的优点

首先,WAL比rollback journal的并发性更好,因为WAL写不阻塞读,而rollback journal下,写会阻塞读。

其次,若业务中DatabaseManager通常会配置的是1写多读的连接池,实际android封装的sqlite使用的是1写1读的连接池,会导致读线程池存在一些竞争。

如果切换到WAL,理论上android封装的sqlite会变成1写4读的连接池,读线程池不再存在竞争。

基于sqlite的数据库,如room,是如何开启WAL的

当android版本高于4.1(jellyBean),sqlite会自动开启WAL日志模式。

public static void setWriteAheadLoggingEnabled(@NonNull SQLiteOpenHelper sQLiteOpenHelper, boolean enabled) { sQLiteOpenHelper.setWriteAheadLoggingEnabled(enabled); }

理论上,如果切换到WAL,一个是存取并发性能提高,另一个是读线程池可以充分利用。

日志模式从journal模式切换至WAL模式是否安全

对于一个已经是rollback journal模式的sqlite数据库,可不可以切换为WAL模式?切换后会不会导致一个hot journal被忽略,进而导致数据库损坏呢?

追踪源码如下:

SQLiteOpenHelper打开db最终会调用的是 sqlite3_open_v2 方法,位于sqlite的main.c中。

默认情况下,sqlite使用的日志模式是DELETE(rollback journal delete)

#define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE 0 /* Commit by deleting journal file */

当调用 enableWriteAheadLogging ,实际会通过 nativeExecuteForString 执行PRAGMA指令。

private void setJournalMode(String newValue) { String value = executeForString("PRAGMA journal_mode", null, null); if (!value.equalsIgnoreCase(newValue)) { try { <<=======关键步骤=========>> String result = executeForString("PRAGMA journal_mode=" + newValue, null, null); if (result.equalsIgnoreCase(newValue)) { return; } // PRAGMA journal_mode silently fails and returns the original journal // mode in some cases if the journal mode could not be changed. } catch (SQLiteDatabaseLockedException ex) { // This error (SQLITE_BUSY) occurs if one connection has the database // open in WAL mode and another tries to change it to non-WAL. } ... } }

最终调用到:

static int executeOneRowQuery(JNIEnv* env, SQLiteConnection* connection, sqlite3_stmt* statement) { int err = sqlite3_step(statement);<<======关键步骤========== if (err != SQLITE_ROW) { throw_sqlite3_exception(env, connection->db); } return err;}

跟随代码进度走到sqlite3VdbeExec,在里面可以找到 case_OP_JournalMode ,就能看到相关的处理逻辑。

最关键的地方就是调用了 sqlite3PageSetJournalMode 这个方法里会尝试调用 sqlite3PageSharedLock 这个方法来判断是否 hasHotJouenal ,有的话会尝试获取EXECLUSIVE_LOCK,进行回滚。因此,在打开数据库时切换日志模式是安全的。

int sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(Pager *pPager, int eMode){ u8 eOld = pPager->journalMode; /* Prior journalmode */ ... if( eMode!=eOld ){ /* Change the journal mode. */ assert( pPager->eState!=PAGER_ERROR ); pPager->journalMode = (u8)eMode; ... if( !pPager->exclusiveMode && (eOld & 5)==1 && (eMode & 1)==0 ){ ... sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd); if( pPager->eLock>=RESERVED_LOCK ){ sqlite3OsDelete(pPager->pVfs, pPager->zJournal, 0); }else{ int rc = SQLITE_OK; int state = pPager->eState; assert( state==PAGER_OPEN || state==PAGER_READER ); if( state==PAGER_OPEN ){ rc = sqlite3PagerSharedLock(pPager);<<=====关键步骤============== } ... assert( state==pPager->eState ); } }else if( eMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF ){ sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd); } } /* Return the new journal mode */ return (int)pPager->journalMode;}

sqlite3PagerShareLock 中会判断是否有hot journal,执行 pagerSyncJournal ,进行hot journa文件的回滚。

int sqlite3PagerSharedLock(Pager *pPager){ int rc = SQLITE_OK; /* Return code */ /* This routine is only called from b-tree and only when there are no ** outstanding pages. This implies that the pager state should either ** be OPEN or READER. READER is only possible if the pager is or was in ** exclusive access mode. */ assert( sqlite3PcacheRefCount(pPager->pPCache)==0 ); assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) ); assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN || pPager->eState==PAGER_READER ); assert( pPager->errCode==SQLITE_OK ); if( !pagerUseWal(pPager) && pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN ){ int bHotJournal = 1; /* True if there exists a hot journal-file */ assert( !MEMDB ); assert( pPager->tempFile==0 || pPager->eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK ); rc = pager_wait_on_lock(pPager, SHARED_LOCK); if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){ assert( pPager->eLock==NO_LOCK || pPager->eLock==UNKNOWN_LOCK ); goto failed; } /* If a journal file exists, and there is no RESERVED lock on the ** database file, then it either needs to be played back or deleted. */ if( pPager->eLock<=SHARED_LOCK ){ rc = hasHotJournal(pPager, &bHotJournal);<<=========关键步骤============= } if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){ goto failed; } if( bHotJournal ){ if( pPager->readOnly ){ rc = SQLITE_READONLY_ROLLBACK; goto failed; } /* Get an EXCLUSIVE lock on the database file. At this point it is ** important that a RESERVED lock is not obtained on the way to the ** EXCLUSIVE lock. If it were, another process might open the ** database file, detect the RESERVED lock, and conclude that the ** database is safe to read while this process is still rolling the ** hot-journal back.*/ ... if( isOpen(pPager->jfd) ){ assert( rc==SQLITE_OK ); rc = pagerSyncHotJournal(pPager); <<============关键步骤============== if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){ rc = pager_playback(pPager, !pPager->tempFile); pPager->eState = PAGER_OPEN; } }else if( !pPager->exclusiveMode ){

​​HasHotJournal​​ :的代码如下:

static int hasHotJournal(Pager *pPager, int *pExists){ sqlite3_vfs * const pVfs = pPager->pVfs; int rc = SQLITE_OK; /* Return code */ int exists = 1; /* True if a journal file is present */ int jrnlOpen = !!isOpen(pPager->jfd); assert( pPager->useJournal ); assert( isOpen(pPager->fd) ); assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN ); assert( jrnlOpen==0 || ( sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pPager->jfd) & SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN )); *pExists = 0; if( !jrnlOpen ){ rc = sqlite3OsAccess(pVfs, pPager->zJournal, SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS, &exists); } if( rc==SQLITE_OK && exists ){ int locked = 0; /* True if some process holds a RESERVED lock */ /* Race condition here: Another process might have been holding the ** the RESERVED lock and have a journal open at the sqlite3OsAccess() ** call above, but then delete the journal and drop the lock before ** we get to the following sqlite3OsCheckReservedLock() call. If that ** is the case, this routine might think there is a hot journal when ** in fact there is none. This results in a false-positive which will ** be dealt with by the playback routine. Ticket #3883. */ rc = sqlite3OsCheckReservedLock(pPager->fd, &locked); if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !locked ){ Pgno nPage; /* Number of pages in database file */ assert( pPager->tempFile==0 ); rc = pagerPagecount(pPager, &nPage); if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){ /* If the database is zero pages in size, that means that either (1) the ** journal is a remnant from a prior database with the same name where ** the database file but not the journal was deleted, or (2) the initial ** transaction that populates a new database is being rolled back. ** In either case, the journal file can be deleted. However, take care ** not to delete the journal file if it is already open due to ** journal_mode=PERSIST. */ if( nPage==0 && !jrnlOpen ){ sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc(); if( pagerLockDb(pPager, RESERVED_LOCK)==SQLITE_OK ){ sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, pPager->zJournal, 0); if( !pPager->exclusiveMode ) pagerUnlockDb(pPager, SHARED_LOCK); } sqlite3EndBenignMalloc(); }else{ /* The journal file exists and no other connection has a reserved ** or greater lock on the database file. Now check that there is ** at least one non-zero bytes at the start of the journal file. ** If there is, then we consider this journal to be hot. If not, ** it can be ignored. */ if( !jrnlOpen ){ int f = SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY|SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL; rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, pPager->zJournal, pPager->jfd, f, &f); } if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){ u8 first = 0; rc = sqlite3OsRead(pPager->jfd, (void *)&first, 1, 0); if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ ){ rc = SQLITE_OK; } if( !jrnlOpen ){ sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd); } *pExists = (first!=0); }else if( rc==SQLITE_CANTOPEN ){ /* If we cannot open the rollback journal file in order to see if ** it has a zero header, that might be due to an I/O error, or ** it might be due to the race condition described above and in ** ticket #3883. Either way, assume that the journal is hot. ** This might be a false positive. But if it is, then the ** automatic journal playback and recovery mechanism will deal ** with it under an EXCLUSIVE lock where we do not need to ** worry so much with race conditions. */ *pExists = 1; rc = SQLITE_OK; } } } } } return rc;}

综上探究的过程,我们可以得知道,默认日志模式rollback journal模式,直接切换至wal模式后是安全的,并能带来更好的并发性能。

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