Docker的安装和一些基础命令

Docker的安装和一些基础命令

Docker 是一个开源的应用容器引擎，让开发者可以打包他们的应用以及依赖包到一个可移植的镜像中，然后发布到任何流行的 Linux或Windows 机器上，也可以实现虚拟化。容器是完全使用沙箱机制，相互之间不会有任何接口。

Docker 安装使用国内一键安装命令curl -sSL https://get.daocloud.io/docker | sh使用仓库安装sudo yum install -y yum-utils  #安装所需软件包sudo yum-config-manager \      --add-repo \    http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo  #设置仓库，使用阿里云sudo yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io  #安装最新版docker检验安装成功docker version启动docker服务service docker start 或 systemctl start docker查看hello-world镜像[root@localhost ~]# docker imagesREPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZEhello-world   latest    d1165f221234   5 months ago   13.3kB阿里云镜像加速阿里容器镜像服务sudo mkdir -p /etc/dockersudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'{  "registry-mirrors": ["https://yieeu86e.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]}EOFsudo systemctl daemon-reloadsudo systemctl restart dockerDocker 卸载# 卸载依赖sudo yum remove docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io# 删除目录sudo rm -rf /var/lib/dockerDocker常用命令帮助命令docker version        # 显示docker的版本信息docker info            # 显示docker系统信息，包括镜像和容器数量docker 命令 --help   # 帮助命令镜像命令docker images查看所有本地主机上的镜像[root@localhost ~]# docker imagesREPOSITORY      TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZEhello-world   latest    d1165f221234   5 months ago   13.3kB# 解释REPOSITORY    镜像的仓库源TAG            镜像的标签IMAGE ID     镜像的IDCREATE        镜像的创建时间SIZE        镜像的大小# 可选项  -a, --all             # 列出所有的镜像  -q, --quiet           # 只显示镜像IDdocker search搜索镜像[root@localhost ~]# docker search mysqlNAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATEDmysql                             MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   11248     [OK]mariadb                           MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4274      [OK]mysql/mysql-server                Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create…   835                  [OK]# 可选项--filter=STARS=3000        #通过收藏来过滤，搜索出来的就是STARS大于3000的docker pull下载镜像# 下载镜像 docker pull 镜像名[:tag][root@localhost ~]# docker pull mysqlUsing default tag: latest    # 若果不写 tag，默认就是 latestlatest: Pulling from library/mysql33847f680f63: Pull complete    # 分层下载，docker image的核心 联合文件系统5cb67864e624: Pull complete1a2b594783f5: Pull completeb30e406dd925: Pull complete48901e306e4c: Pull complete603d2b7147fd: Pull complete802aa684c1c4: Pull complete715d3c143a06: Pull complete6978e1b7a511: Pull completef0d78b0ac1be: Pull complete35a94d251ed1: Pull complete36f75719b1a9: Pull completeDigest: sha256:8b928a5117cf5c2238c7a09cd28c2e801ac98f91c3f8203a8938ae51f14700fd    # 签名Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latestdocker.io/library/mysql:latest    # 真实地址# 指定版本下载[root@localhost ~]# docker pull mysql:5.75.7: Pulling from library/mysql33847f680f63: Already exists5cb67864e624: Already exists1a2b594783f5: Already existsb30e406dd925: Already exists48901e306e4c: Already exists603d2b7147fd: Already exists802aa684c1c4: Already exists5b5a19178915: Pull completef9ce7411c6e4: Pull completef51f6977d9b2: Pull completeaeb6b16ce012: Pull completeDigest: sha256:be70d18aedc37927293e7947c8de41ae6490ecd4c79df1db40d1b5b5af7d9596Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7docker.io/library/mysql:5.7docker rmi删除镜像[root@localhost ~]# docker rmi -f 镜像id    # 删除指定的镜像[root@localhost ~]# docker rmi -f 镜像id 镜像id 镜像id 镜像id    # 删除多个镜像[root@localhost ~]# docker rmi -f $(docker images -qa)        # 删除全部镜像容器命令说明：此处通过下载一个centos镜像来测试学习docker pull centosdocker run新建容器并启动docker run [可选参数] image# 参数说明--name="Name"        容器名字，tomcat01，tomcat02用来区分容器-d                    后台方式运行-it                    使用交互方式运行进入容器查看内容-p                    指定容器端口  -p 8080:8080    -p ip:主机端口:容器端口    -p 主机端口:容器端口    (常用)    -p 容器端口    容器端口-P                    随机指定端口# 测试，启动并进入容器[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash[root@4808a9ea4180 /]# ls    # 查看容器内的centos，基础版本，很多命令不完善bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var# 从容器中退回主机[root@4808a9ea4180 /]# exitexit[root@localhost ~]# lsanaconda-ks.cfg  initial-setup-ks.cfg  公共  模板  视频  图片  文档  下载  音乐  桌面docker ps列出所有运行中的容器# docker ps    命令        列出当前正在运行的容器-a        列出当前正在运行的容器+带出历史运行过的容器-n=?    显示最近创建的容器-q        只显示容器的编号[root@localhost ~]# docker psCONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -aCONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS                          PORTS     NAMES4808a9ea4180   centos         "/bin/bash"   4 minutes ago   Exited (0) About a minute ago             vigorous_jepsen2cf5f9dd1ab4   d1165f221234   "/hello"      2 hours ago     Exited (0) 2 hours ago                    distracted_gates[root@localhost ~]#退出容器exit    # 容器直接停止并退出Ctrl + P + Q    # 容器不停止但退出docker rm删除容器docker rm 容器id                    #删除指定容器，不能删除正在运行的容器，如果要强制删除，rm -fdocker rm -f $(docker ps -qa)     #删除所有容器docker ps -qa | xargs docker rm  #删除所有容器启动和停止容器docker start 容器id        # 启动容器docker restart 容器id        # 重启容器docker stop 容器id        # 停止当前正在运行的容器docker kill 容器id        # 强制杀死当前正在运行的容器其他常用命令后台启动容器docker run -d 镜像名[root@localhost ~]# docker run -d centos# 问题：docker ps，发现 centos 停止了# 常见的坑：docker 容器使用后台运行，必须要有一个前台进程，docker发现没有应用，就会自动停止# nginx，容器启动后，发现自己没有提供服务，就会立刻停止，就是没有程序了docker logs查看日志docker logs 容器id# 可选项-tf              # 显示日志--tail namber # 要显示的日志条数# 自己编写一段shell脚本"while ture;do echo hehe;sleep 1;done"[root@localhost ~]# docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo hehe;sleep 1;done"[root@localhost ~]# docker psCONTAINER ID   IMAGE7ca12cfe7a1e   centos# 显示日志docker logs -tf --tail 10  7ca12cfe7a1edocker top查看容器中的进程信息docker top 容器id[root@localhost ~]# docker top 7ca12cfe7a1eUID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY     root                111276              111254              0                   16:23               ?    root                113839              111276              0                   16:29               ?      docker inspect查看镜像的元数据docker inspect 容器id# 测试[root@localhost ~]# docker inspect 7ca12cfe7a1e[    {        "Id": "7ca12cfe7a1e2c1c83a67bf799db31bb6dac1f0a417b29085ed85750e4cd5546",        "Created": "2021-08-11T08:23:40.255332517Z",        "Path": "/bin/sh",        "Args": [            "-c",            "while true;do echo hehe;sleep 1;done"        ],        "State": {            "Status": "running",            "Running": true,            "Paused": false,            "Restarting": false,            "OOMKilled": false,            "Dead": false,            "Pid": 111276,            "ExitCode": 0,            "Error": "",            "StartedAt": "2021-08-11T08:23:40.737945039Z",            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"        },        "Image": "sha256:300e315adb2f96afe5f0b2780b87f28ae95231fe3bdd1e16b9ba606307728f55",        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/7ca12cfe7a1e2c1c83a67bf799db31bb6dac1f0a417b29085ed85750e4cd5546/resolv.conf",        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/7ca12cfe7a1e2c1c83a67bf799db31bb6dac1f0a417b29085ed85750e4cd5546/hostname",        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/7ca12cfe7a1e2c1c83a67bf799db31bb6dac1f0a417b29085ed85750e4cd5546/hosts",        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/7ca12cfe7a1e2c1c83a67bf799db31bb6dac1f0a417b29085ed85750e4cd5546/7ca12cfe7a1e2c1c83a67bf799db31bb6dac1f0a417b29085ed85750e4cd5546-json.log",        "Name": "/hopeful_grothendieck",        "RestartCount": 0,        "Driver": "overlay2",        "Platform": "linux",        "MountLabel": "",        "ProcessLabel": "",        "AppArmorProfile": "",        "ExecIDs": null,        "HostConfig": {            "Binds": null,            "ContainerIDFile": "",            "LogConfig": {                "Type": "json-file",                "Config": {}            },            "NetworkMode": "default",            "PortBindings": {},            "RestartPolicy": {                "Name": "no",                "MaximumRetryCount": 0            },            "AutoRemove": false,            "VolumeDriver": "",            "VolumesFrom": null,            "CapAdd": null,            "CapDrop": null,            "CgroupnsMode": "host",            "Dns": [],            "DnsOptions": [],            "DnsSearch": [],            "ExtraHosts": null,            "GroupAdd": null,            "IpcMode": "private",            "Cgroup": "",            "Links": null,            "OomScoreAdj": 0,            "PidMode": "",            "Privileged": false,            "PublishAllPorts": false,            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,            "SecurityOpt": null,            "UTSMode": "",            "UsernsMode": "",            "ShmSize": 67108864,            "Runtime": "runc",            "ConsoleSize": [                0,                0            ],            "Isolation": "",            "CpuShares": 0,            "Memory": 0,            "NanoCpus": 0,            "CgroupParent": "",            "BlkioWeight": 0,            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,            "CpuPeriod": 0,            "CpuQuota": 0,            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,            "CpusetCpus": "",            "CpusetMems": "",            "Devices": [],            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,            "DeviceRequests": null,            "KernelMemory": 0,            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,            "MemoryReservation": 0,            "MemorySwap": 0,            "MemorySwappiness": null,            "OomKillDisable": false,            "PidsLimit": null,            "Ulimits": null,            "CpuCount": 0,            "CpuPercent": 0,            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,            "MaskedPaths": [                "/proc/asound",                "/proc/acpi",                "/proc/kcore",                "/proc/keys",                "/proc/latency_stats",                "/proc/timer_list",                "/proc/timer_stats",                "/proc/sched_debug",                "/proc/scsi",                "/sys/firmware"            ],            "ReadonlyPaths": [                "/proc/bus",                "/proc/fs",                "/proc/irq",                "/proc/sys",                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"            ]        },        "GraphDriver": {            "Data": {                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/8d703f685c01fbfe869ae1fb4085bb43bbbac71a5c33d2b488daa1ca05004ef9-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/1b1d57868bbf8faeabd5e055de177eba65ec4cab00aed6ac448e3ff2f18bcbac/diff",                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/8d703f685c01fbfe869ae1fb4085bb43bbbac71a5c33d2b488daa1ca05004ef9/merged",                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/8d703f685c01fbfe869ae1fb4085bb43bbbac71a5c33d2b488daa1ca05004ef9/diff",                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/8d703f685c01fbfe869ae1fb4085bb43bbbac71a5c33d2b488daa1ca05004ef9/work"            },            "Name": "overlay2"        },        "Mounts": [],        "Config": {            "Hostname": "7ca12cfe7a1e",            "Domainname": "",            "User": "",            "AttachStdin": false,            "AttachStdout": false,            "AttachStderr": false,            "Tty": false,            "OpenStdin": false,            "StdinOnce": false,            "Env": [                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"            ],            "Cmd": [                "/bin/sh",                "-c",                "while true;do echo hehe;sleep 1;done"            ],            "Image": "centos",            "Volumes": null,            "WorkingDir": "",            "Entrypoint": null,            "OnBuild": null,            "Labels": {                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20201204",                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"            }        },        "NetworkSettings": {            "Bridge": "",            "SandboxID": "7a9bca70b08874d256cba3f4eff33565610d76975a5f0ff31fb1aa21a74e2d02",            "HairpinMode": false,            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,            "Ports": {},            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/7a9bca70b088",            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,            "EndpointID": "b3eca71b055f56a10e0a4228c606c54994211281e0ec08d6be9dc49bf82c42be",            "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,            "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",            "IPPrefixLen": 16,            "IPv6Gateway": "",            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",            "Networks": {                "bridge": {                    "IPAMConfig": null,                    "Links": null,                    "Aliases": null,                    "NetworkID": "859b5e6edadf146c76061ee30e08dbb3ac85123163ee1b968fdae1fcde40fd71",                    "EndpointID": "b3eca71b055f56a10e0a4228c606c54994211281e0ec08d6be9dc49bf82c42be",                    "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",                    "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,                    "IPv6Gateway": "",                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",                    "DriverOpts": null                }            }        }    }]docker exec/docker attach进入当前正在运行的容器# 我们通常容器都是使用后台方式运行的，需要进入容器，修改一些配置# 方式1# 命令docker exec -it 容器id bashShell# 示例[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it 7ca12cfe7a1e /bin/bash# 方式2# 命令docker attach 容器id# 示例[root@localhost ~]# docker attach 7ca12cfe7a1e正在执行当前的代码# docker exec    进入容器后开启一个新的终端，可以在里面操作(常用)# docker attach    进入容器正在执行的终端，不会启动新的进程docker cp从容器内拷贝文件到主机上docker cp 容器id:容器内路径 目的主机路径# 示例[root@localhost ~]# docker psCONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS          PORTS     NAMESdec25b0066a9   300e315adb2f   "/bin/bash"   50 seconds ago   Up 49 seconds             epic_hellman[root@localhost ~]# docker attach epic_hellman[root@dec25b0066a9 /]# cd /home/[root@dec25b0066a9 home]# ls[root@dec25b0066a9 home]# touch zcp.py[root@dec25b0066a9 home]# read escape sequence[root@localhost ~]# docker cp dec25b0066a9:/home/zcp.py ~[root@localhost ~]#[root@localhost ~]# ll总用量 8-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    0 8月  11 16:45 111.py# 拷贝是一个手动过程，推荐使用 -v 卷的技术，可以实现自动同步示例Docker安装nginx# 1.搜索镜像    search# 2.下载镜像    pull# 3.启动镜像    docker run -d --name nginx01 -p 3344:80 nginx# -d        后台运行# --name    给容器命名# -p        指定端口# 4.进入容器    docker exec -it nginx01 /bin/bashDocker安装tomcat# 官方的启动docker run -it --rm tomcat:9.0# 我们之前启动都是后台，停止了容器之后，容器还是可以查到    docker run -it --rm 一般用来测试，用完就删除# 下载镜像docker pull tomcat# 启动运行docker run -d -p 3355:8080 --name tomcat01 tomacat